Catlin v. Super. Ct.



Filed 1/27/11

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA

STEVEN DAVID CATLIN,
Petitioner,
S167148
v.
Ct.App. 5 F053705
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF KERN
COUNTY,
Kern County
Respondent;
Super. Ct. No. 30594
THE PEOPLE,
Real Party in Interest.
____________________________________)

After petitioner Steven D. Catlin was sentenced to death, the Legislature
enacted Penal Code section 1054.9.1 That statute permits a defendant who has
been sentenced either to death or to life imprisonment without parole to obtain
discovery of ?materials . . . to which the . . . defendant would have been entitled at
time of trial? (? 1054.9, subd. (b)) if the defendant shows that good faith efforts to
obtain such materials from trial counsel were unsuccessful. Four and one-half
years after the law?s passage, petitioner sought discovery under its provisions.
The trial court denied the request as untimely, because it had not been made within
a ?reasonable time? after section 1054.9?s enactment. Petitioner filed a writ

1
All statutory citations are to the Penal Code.
1



petition in the Court of Appeal challenging the trial court?s denial order; the Court
of Appeal upheld the order.
At issue here is whether a trial court may deny as untimely a section 1054.9
motion for postconviction discovery. Our answer is ?no,? for these reasons: The
statute lacks any language allowing a trial court to deny such a motion as
untimely, and the statute?s legislative history shows that the Legislature
specifically chose not to impose a timeliness limitation.
I
In 1986, in Monterey County Superior Court, petitioner was convicted of
murdering Glenna Catlin, one of his ex-wives; he was sentenced to life
imprisonment without the possibility of parole. In 1988, the Court of Appeal
affirmed the judgment. (People v. Catlin (June 13, 1988, H002078) [nonpub.
opn.].) In 1990, in Kern County Superior Court, petitioner was convicted of
murdering Martha Catlin (his mother) and Joyce Catlin (another ex-wife). For
Martha?s murder, petitioner was sentenced to death; for Joyce?s murder, he was
sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. In 2000, while
petitioner?s appeal from the Kern County Superior Court judgment was pending
before us, he petitioned us for a writ of habeas corpus, challenging the judgment.
In 2001, we resolved the appeal by affirming the judgment in its entirety. (People
v. Catlin (2001) 26 Cal.4th 81.) At that time, the habeas corpus petition remained
pending.
In 2002, the Legislature enacted section 1054.9. That statute permits a
defendant sentenced to death or to life imprisonment without possibility of parole
to obtain postconviction discovery from the prosecution of any materials that the
defendant would have been entitled to receive at the time of trial, upon a showing
that good faith efforts to obtain those materials from trial counsel were
unsuccessful.
2



Section 1054.9 became effective on January 1, 2003. Four and one-half
years later, in August 2007, petitioner moved in Kern County Superior Court for
postconviction discovery. Pertaining to his three murder convictions, he sought
materials in the possession of the prosecution and law enforcement authorities to
which he would have been entitled at the time of trial. In support of the motion,
petitioner submitted a declaration from his current habeas corpus counsel, J.
Wilder Lee, stating that Lee, as well as Attorney Horace Freedman (petitioner?s
counsel on appeal) and Attorney Jeffrey Schwartz (petitioner?s initial habeas
corpus counsel) had ?made diligent and repeated informal attempts to obtain the
discovery materials requested? from ?trial counsel, counsel?s investigators and
defense experts,? and that they had reviewed ?trial counsel?s files and the files of
other defense team members.?
The trial court denied the motion as untimely because petitioner had not
justified the four-and-one-half year delay between the effective date of section
1054.9 and petitioner?s filing of the discovery motion. In September 2007,
petitioner sought a writ of mandate from the Court of Appeal directing the trial
court to grant his postconviction discovery motion. Later that month, while the
mandate petition was pending in the Court of Appeal, we denied the 2000 habeas
corpus petition. The next month, the Court of Appeal summarily denied the
mandate petition. Petitioner sought review in this court, and we transferred the
matter back to the Court of Appeal for issuance of an alternative writ.
The Court of Appeal, after briefing and oral argument, again denied the
mandate petition, this time in a written opinion. The two-justice majority relied on
a footnote in our decision in In re Steele (2004) 32 Cal.4th 682 (Steele), which
stated that an inmate who seeks postconviction discovery under section 1054.9
must do so within a ?reasonable time.? (Steele, supra, at pp. 692-693, fn. 2.) The
Court of Appeal majority agreed with the Attorney General that the footnote?s
3



language supported the trial court?s denial of the discovery motion for being
untimely. The dissenting justice viewed the Steele footnote as ambiguous, and
pointed out that section 1054.9 lacked any timeliness requirement. Petitioner
sought review in this court, and we granted review to clarify the matter.
II
To determine whether a section 1054.9 postconviction discovery motion
may be denied as untimely, we must construe the statutory language.
?The basic rules of statutory construction are well established. ?When
construing a statute, a court seeks to determine and give effect to the intent of the
enacting legislative body.? [Citation.] ? ?We first examine the words themselves
because the statutory language is generally the most reliable indicator of
legislative intent. [Citation.] The words of the statute should be given their
ordinary and usual meaning and should be construed in their statutory context.?
[Citation.] If the plain, commonsense meaning of a statute?s words is
unambiguous, the plain meaning controls.? [Citation.] But if the statutory
language may reasonably be given more than one interpretation, ? ? ?courts may
consider various extrinsic aids, including the purpose of the statute, the evils to be
remedied, the legislative history, public policy, and the statutory scheme
encompassing the statute.? ? ? ? (People v. King (2006) 38 Cal.4th 617, 622;
accord, Klein v. United States of America (2010) 50 Cal.4th 68, 77.)
As pertinent here, section 1054.9 provides: ?(a) Upon the prosecution of a
postconviction writ of habeas corpus or a motion to vacate a judgment in a case in
which a sentence of death or of life in prison without the possibility of parole has
been imposed, and on a showing that good faith efforts to obtain discovery
materials from trial counsel were made and were unsuccessful, the court shall . . .
order that the defendant be provided reasonable access to any of the materials
described in subdivision (b). [?] (b) For purposes of this section, ?discovery
4



materials? means materials in the possession of the prosecution and law
enforcement authorities to which the same defendant would have been entitled at
time of trial.? (Italics added.)
Section 1054.9 is silent about untimely motions. It simply says that ?on a
showing that good faith efforts to obtain discovery materials from trial counsel
were made and were unsuccessful, the court shall . . . order? discovery. The
language could not be plainer: If that showing is made, the defendant is entitled to
discovery.
Even if ambiguity could be perceived in the statutory language, section
1054.9?s legislative history supports our conclusion that a trial court may not deny
as untimely a postconviction discovery motion brought under section 1054.9. As
originally introduced in February 2002, Senate Bill No. 1391 (2001-2002 Reg.
Sess.), which proposed creating section 1054.9, made its discovery provisions
available to anyone convicted of a felony. The Attorney General opposed the bill.
One legislative committee analysis described that opposition in these words: ?The
Attorney General contends that with no time limitations on when a motion for
discovery could be made, it would impose an unreasonable burden on law
enforcement and prosecutors? offices to maintain files and all types of evidence
long after defendants had been discharged from custody.? (Assem. Com. on
Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1391 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) as amended
Apr. 10, 2002, p. 4, italics added; see also Assem. Com. on Appropriations,
Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1391 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.), as amended Apr. 10, 2002,
pp. 2-3.)
In response, the proposed legislation was amended to narrow its scope. As
amended, the proposed legislation no longer covered anyone convicted of a
felony, but only those inmates sentenced to either death or life imprisonment
without possibility of parole. Because such inmates are never discharged from
5



custody, law enforcement and prosecutors? offices would not be burdened with
?maintain[ing] files and all types of evidence long after defendants had been
discharged from custody? (Assem. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill
No. 1391 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.), supra, p. 4), which was the reason for the
Attorney General?s objection to the original bill?s lack of time limitations for
discovery. Tellingly, the amended bill did not alter the original bill?s lack of time
limitations. Three days after the bill?s amendment, the Attorney General withdrew
his opposition to the bill. (See Deputy Director Les Kleinberg, Atty. Gen. Office
of Legis. Affairs, letter to Sen. John Burton, Aug. 26, 2002 [with copies to Sen.
and Assem. Coms. on Public Safety].) The Legislature then passed the bill, which
added section 1054.9 to the Penal Code. (Stats. 2002, ch. 1105, ? 1.)
This legislative history thus shows that before enacting section 1054.9, the
Legislature knew of the Attorney General?s expressed concern about the proposed
legislation?s lack of time limits for postconviction discovery but it chose not to
include such limits.
The Attorney General now insists, however, that a section 1054.9
postconviction discovery motion may be denied as untimely. In support, he points
to footnote 2 in Steele, supra, 32 Cal.4th 682, 692. In Steele, we held that a
section 1054.9 discovery motion should generally be filed in the trial court in
which the conviction occurred, and that the motion may be filed either by an
inmate who has already filed a habeas corpus petition, or by an inmate who is
preparing to file such a petition. (Steele, supra, at p. 691.) Footnote 2 discussed
the timeliness question: ?Section 1054.9 provides no time limits for making the
discovery motion or complying with any discovery order. We believe the statute
implies that the motion, any petition challenging the trial court?s ruling, and
compliance with a discovery order must all be done within a reasonable time
period. We will consider any unreasonable delay in seeking discovery under this
6



section in determining whether the underlying habeas corpus petition is timely.
(See generally In re Robbins (1998) 18 Cal.4th 770; In re Clark (1993) 5 Cal.4th
750.)? (Steele, supra, at p. 692, fn. 2, italics added.)
The Attorney General construes the above-italicized language from the
Steele footnote as stating that when a section 1054.9 postconviction discovery
motion is not brought ?within a reasonable time? (Steele, supra, 32 Cal.4th at
p. 692, fn. 2), the court in which the motion is brought may deny it as untimely.
The Court of Appeal majority accepted this view, which seems plausible when the
footnote?s italicized language is considered in isolation. Viewed in context,
however, the footnote merely states that discovery must be sought ?within a
reasonable time? and that when a petitioner files an untimely discovery motion, the
court in which the inmate files a habeas corpus petition based on the information
obtained through discovery should consider the delay ?in determining whether the
underlying habeas corpus petition is timely.? (Ibid.) The footnote goes on to say
that this court will ?consider the date of compliance with the [discovery] order in
considering the timeliness of any petition for writ of habeas corpus that might be
filed in light of the discovery.? (Ibid.)
The Steele footnote?s observation simply reflects our well-established rule
that habeas corpus petitions must be prepared and filed ?without substantial
delay.? (In re Robbins, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 787.) Otherwise stated, Steele?s
footnote 2 simply explains that when, because of delay in seeking postconviction
discovery, an inmate does not file a habeas corpus petition within a reasonable
time, the petition may be denied as untimely, assuming no exception to the habeas
corpus timeliness requirement applies. Indeed, by addressing the situation in
which a habeas corpus petition is based on information obtained through an
unreasonably delayed postconviction discovery request, the Steele footnote
necessarily implies that trial courts will not deny such requests as untimely,
7



because a petitioner cannot obtain such information when the discovery request is
denied.
As we noted earlier, the text of section 1054.9 does not contain a timeliness
requirement. At least two possible reasons come to mind why the Legislature
chose not to allow a trial court to deny as untimely a section 1054.9 postconviction
discovery motion. First, a petitioner who files an untimely habeas corpus petition
may nonetheless be entitled to relief upon a showing ?that a fundamental
miscarriage of justice occurred as a result of the proceedings leading to conviction
and/or sentence.? (In re Clark, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 797.) Thus, as long as the
habeas corpus petitioner satisfies this test, an unreasonable delay in seeking
section 1054.9 postconviction discovery will not bar relief. The possibility of such
postconviction relief may have persuaded the Legislature that the consequences of
an unreasonably delayed postconviction discovery motion should be determined as
part of a court?s evaluation of the petitioner?s habeas corpus petition, and that a
postconviction discovery motion (which seeks information that, the defendant
hopes, will show that the defendant is entitled to habeas corpus relief) should not
be denied as untimely. Second, the Legislature may have seen it as a waste of
time and resources to have the motion?s timeliness litigated twice: once when the
discovery motion itself is made, and again when the habeas corpus petition is
adjudicated.
The Court of Appeal majority here expressed its concern that precluding a
trial court?s denial of a postconviction discovery motion as untimely ?would result
in mischief,? because ?a defendant could file numerous section 1054.9 motions
over a period of years and the trial court would be without power to deny the
motions on the grounds that he or she had waited too long.? If this reflects a fear
that petitioners will bombard the courts with successive or repeated discovery
motions, that fear is not a reason to deny such motions as untimely, as occurred
8



here. The question whether a court may deny multiple discovery motions as
successive is not before us, and we therefore do not address it. With respect to any
concern that petitioners would use postconviction discovery motions for the
purpose of delay, we observe that delay will injure the petitioner: The longer the
delay, the greater the likelihood that the postconviction discovery items sought
will no longer exist, and the greater the likelihood that any ensuing habeas corpus
petition will be denied as untimely.2 Moreover, to ensure that inmates sentenced
to death will not use postconviction discovery motions under section 1054.9 for
purposes of delay,3 this court will not, as a general rule, postpone consideration of
a habeas corpus petition merely because the petitioner?s postconviction discovery
motion is pending in the trial court. Indeed, as mentioned earlier (see p. 3, ante),
in this very case we denied petitioner?s habeas corpus petition when his writ
petition challenging the trial court?s denial of his motion for postconviction
discovery was still pending in the Court of Appeal.
We stress that an inmate sentenced to death cannot use an untimely section
1054.9 postconviction discovery motion as a procedural ploy to delay the
execution. ?[A] stay of execution is an equitable remedy? that ?is not available as
a matter of right.? (Hill v. McDonough (2006) 547 U.S. 573, 584.) ?A court
considering a stay must . . . apply ?a strong equitable presumption against the grant

2
If an order to show cause ultimately issues, the prosecution too may suffer
injury caused by unavailable witnesses or lost evidence.
3
Because inmates sentenced to life imprisonment without possibility of
parole are imprisoned and are seeking release, they have no incentive to engage in
delaying tactics that would prolong their imprisonment. By contrast, for inmates
sentenced to death, delay may postpone execution. (See In re Clark, supra, 5
Cal.4th at p. 796, fn. 31 [?the state has a compelling need for rules that require
timely presentation of challenges to the judgments in capital cases where
petitioners, unlike prisoners who are not under sentence of death, have a strong
incentive for delay?].)
9



of a stay where a claim could have been brought at such a time as to allow
consideration of the merits without requiring entry of a stay.? ? (Ibid.) Thus, the
pendency of a last-minute discovery request under section 1054.9, with or without
a concurrently filed habeas corpus petition,4 will not ? absent a compelling
showing of good cause ? justify the issuance of a stay of execution, nor should it
justify postponement of the setting of an execution date.
DISPOSITION
The judgment of the Court of Appeal is reversed, and the matter is
remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
KENNARD, ACTING, C. J.
WE CONCUR:

BAXTER, J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
MORENO, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
GEORGE, J.*

4
Although we do not decide the issue here, it is doubtful that the filing of a
section 1054.9 postconviction discovery motion would, in the absence of a
concurrently filed habeas corpus petition, empower a trial court or an appellate
court to issue a stay of execution.
*
Retired Chief Justice of California, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
10



See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion Catlin v. Superior Court
__________________________________________________________________________________

Unpublished Opinion


Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted
XXX 166 Cal.App.4th 133
Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion No.

S167148
Date Filed: January 27, 2011
__________________________________________________________________________________

Court:

Superior
County: Kern
Judge: Clarence Westra, Jr.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Counsel:

J. Wilder Lee, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Petitioner.

Christina Bord? for Habeas Corpus Resource Center as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Petitioner.

No appearance for Respondent.

Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael
P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, George Hendrickson, Ward A. Campbell and Stephen G. Herndon,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Real Party in Interest.



Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

J. Wilder Lee
360 Ritch Street, Suite 201
San Francisco, CA 94107
(415) 495-3115

Stephen G. Herndon
Deputy Attorney General
1300 I Street, Suite 125
Sacramento, CA 94244-2550
(916) 327-0350